Low Cost & Budget Airlines Top 6 Secrets

 Low Cost & Budget Airlines

Low cost & budget airlines which announce flight tickets nowadays more affordably, have grown quite popular around the globe.

It permits the passenger to fly cheaper and thus frequently, but how can such airlines offer low cost flights to everywhere?  How could 1000 miles via an airline cost far less than driving your automobile, and in certain countries less than via a train ride?

I'll provide answers to this as well as several additional questions in this blog post about the little-known secrets of low cost & budget airlines.

Low Cost & Budget Airlines History

The initial spot where the cheap airline trend began was Europe.. If fact, one of the first European airlines to start selling cheap flights was the Irish company Ryanair, founded back in 1984; the British company EasyJet, founded in 1995; the Hungarian Wizzair, founded in 2003; and then more low cost airlines showed up in nearly each European country as well as other continents. 

Around this earlier time period, when flights for passengers became possible, airlines across the board entertained a different set of priorities other than reducing their expenses and providing discounted flight tickets. Several people, not accustomed to flying, were understandably afraid to fly at all, so logically the airlines attempted to create various strategies to draw prospective passengers into their planes. For example, they hired beautiful flight stewardesses who, besides their normal services, provided something else, excellent service and comfort, drinks and meals, and whatever it took to make everyone well-contented.

Sometime later, as flying grew regular and nearly everyone lost the fear to fly, low cost & budget airlines showed up. Although they did not provide all the perks the first air carriers offered, even having less legroom, no premium and business class options, they utilized several trade secrets to achieve their objective of offering the lowest possible flight tickets in the industry. Now, I'll disclose the money-saving secrets these airlines use:

Secret #1: Minimalism

The very first significant secret of all economy airlines, which I'll shine light on, is minimalism. According to this secret, everything is simple, meaning, eliminate all that's needless like large business class seats; reduce legroom in economy class; and do not offer food, except for an added fee. 

Also, the airline gives you the option to check in for your flight online as well at the airport. Plus, the luggage is generally never included in the flight cost, except for a modest backpack as a hand luggage. So, all of this helps to cut down substantially the overall expenditure of air transportation.

Secret #2: Small Planes

Low cost airlines in addition save on planes. Typically, they purchase a fleet of the same-looking small planes. Why? Because having identical planes makes it much easier to replace aging parts if any of the planes in service suddenly requires a spare part or needs a repair, helping to further reduce expense in the long term. Also, since they are compact, they are way cheaper, saving on a smaller fuel tank which translates into less fuel consumption; on top of that, the luggage department is also smaller. Thus, low cost airlines could fly shorter distances due to having a smaller fuel tank.

Their seats have much less space between themselves in order to optimize and render additional space. This in turn allows them to add perhaps one to two hundred more seats. 

Secret #3: Remote Airports

Budget airlines use distant airports to save money and to offer very cheap tickets. Several of these airports are small, even military airports tens of miles away from the closest city. Several of them even appeared on account to low cost airlines, which started to operate more flights that more people began booking because of the lower prices.

Secret #4: Saving Money on Staff

Not just smaller airlines, but far better known companies draw new workers through their popularity but at lower salaries than elsewhere. The employee will be thrilled to be hired by a big and well-recognized company, except later it'll turn out the wages there are rather low. Several low cost airlines attempt to conceal the actual salaries of their workforce, especially since there's nothing to brag about; in fact, they are usually much lower as compared to the industry's average.

Also, these budget airlines save on having a smaller workforce, optimizing their schedule through requiring stewardesses and pilots to continue working for 3 consecutive flights. Plus, such employees even clean up the cabin and frequently load luggage in the luggage department.

Secret #5: Everything Online

Low cost airlines take full advantage of modern technologies by carrying on several operations online. This allows them to save on employees and prospective passengers can do online check-in, buy online tickets on sale and more. If customers want to make inquiries, they can always call the company's call center, which often is situated in a country like India where the labor is cheap.

Secret #6: Want More? Pay

Budget airlines can offer additional services but only if the passenger pays for them. Have to bring a lot more luggage--pay; must check in for a flight earlier--pay; want to enjoy a snack while flying--pay; you want to skip the entire long waiting line to board the plane--pay. In addition, the low cost airlines provide intermediate services so customers can rent a car and more.

Also, you could pay their yearly membership fee to save money if you fly frequently with this air carrier. You become their regular customer at the same time.

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How to Travel Cheap with 8 Stellar Tips

Cheap Travel 

Cheap travel and discount flights nowadays seems to be something unattainable. Traveling to new and exciting destinations shouldn't have to break your banking account, if you know a few but very important facts. I have put together a list consisting of practical tips to help you out in achieving the goal of finding cheap travel deals as well as cheap travel destinations.

How to Travel Cheap with 8 Stellar Tips

1.  Create a plan

Leaving home and traveling spontaneously is good, particularly if there's an emergency. However, if you are flying on a very tight budget, it's best to plan in advance. I do not mean creating an hourly itinerary, but for the sake of practicality, you should have some approximate concept about how long you'll be spending in every city or nation, as well as the route which your new travel will take. Why is this important? Leaving less to random chance translates to less sudden expenses. For example, last-minute accommodation can amount to being incredibly more costly.

2.  Fly out of season

Completely avoid traveling during holidays, for this is the well-known time that the travel industry commonly raises flight rates to take advantage of those people who must travel at this time of the year. 

Conduct research on the ideal time for visiting the prospective location, and then fly only before or after such dates. This is known as the "shoulder season," meaning that the sun will not shine as brilliantly, though the trip itself can still be all right. Airlines and hotels normally reduce their rates to draw customers during the "shoulder season." So, use this to your full advantage to get a cheap fly.

3.  Be accommodation-smart

If you want to save spending hundreds of dollars in accommodation expenses, exchange a costly hotel suite for a dorm room in hostels. 

Also, sharing a room will substantially divide the costs. Consider using alternatives such as Couchsurfing and AirBnB websites to book a spare room in someone's home or apartment. This option will significantly lower the cost and permit you to get a genuine taste of real life in that city. You can even ask your host for his/her insider tips for the cheapest restaurants and top tourist attractions in that part of the community.

You can also stay with family or friends. Try reaching out to anyone you know or modify your plan of your trip to where a certain long-forgotten cousin or perhaps former school or college peer-friend lives currently; this can significantly reduce your accommodation expenses and you can explore new places as well.

4.  Pack appropriately

Ensure you take with you all you require to avoid being forced to buy those things while traveling. Regardless where you are going, pack one pair of comfortable pants, warm hoodie, and a waterproof coat or jacket for an unexpected spell of rainy weather.

5.  Book flights early

Particularly return flights, for running out of cash abroad with no guaranteed flight home is something to avoid completely. Know that airlines generally announce their available flight seats up to one year in advance. If you have already noticed, the nearer you get to the departure day, the rates go up more, particularly in the last month. So, book early enough to get cheap fly tickets.

6.  Be savvy about how you travel

Choose to fly on a Tuesday. Why? Because while midweek flight rates are usually lower, weekend flights are higher due to their high demand. Plus, you'll move faster though shorter lines at airport check-in desks and security. 

Also, fly economy; there is no practical need to upgrade, regardless of how pleasing Business Class appears. The money you end up saving on cheaper seats could be invested elsewhere like on food or lodging when you arrive. 

Low-cost and budget airlines are acceptable for shorter flights and consistently provide discount flights. If you're only going on a weekend trip, pack light with only hand luggage to save money on hold luggage. 

7.  Use public transportation

Know that trains and buses are usually cheaper than flying. It's not complicated! Just do the math. For instance, a trip on an overnight bus or train means you avoid completely having to pay for one less night in a hotel or hostel.

8.  Don't waste your cash in overpriced food

You could most likely purchase cheap lunches in any supermarket or small local food store, instead of throwing away your hard-earned money in an overpriced restaurant or cafe. 

Choose to roam around a bit before deciding where to eat dinner as well; if you only select the first eatery that you see, you won't be able to determine if you are overspending. 

Drinking beer with each dinner adds up fast; your wallet and even your waistline shall thank you later by drinking free water sometimes. Alternately, spare rooms and hostels frequently allow you to access a kitchen if you wish to save a few bucks by preparing your own meal.

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9 Most Famous Must-See Tourist Attractions in Rome

Rome Travel Guide to Top Tourist Attractions

As Italy's foremost tourist destination, Rome offers everything from the world's most famous fountains, incredible architectural masterpieces to the Vatican, and much more within a short walking distance. 

Admire ancient ruins, the Sistine Chapel, street art, and enjoy fabulous cuisine. Want to step back hundreds or even thousands of years into the past, come to Rome and you'll experience those rare magical moments with countless antiquities everywhere.

But if you are tight on time and must do it all in only 3 or 4 days tops, use my Rome Travel Guide to find the 9 most famous must-see top tourist attractions in Rome. I have left the very best for last.

1.  Trevi Fountain of Rome

As Rome's most renowned fountain, this Baroque fountain stands on the Piazza di Trevi. Erected in the 18th century, the monument exhibits Neptune on his chariot, the god of the sea.

No visit to Rome can be complete without coming here to throw a coin in the famed Trevi fountain, as tradition maintains that the individual tossing the coin will return one day to Rome again. Plus, this fountain makes one great selfie.

2.  Pantheon

Patheon is undoubtedly one the best preserved Roman buildings in the world. Although the precise role the structure played in Roman times is still not entirely clear, we know that it was a gift that Emperor Hadrian gave to the pope in 608.

Its wonderfully large and open dome was the world's biggest for 1300 years and currently remains the world's biggest unsupported dome with a 142 foot diameter.

The present temple hosts many unique funerary monuments, or tombs, of Italian kings and the famous painter Raphael.

Today, you can visit the Pantheon for free.

3.  St. Peter's Basilica

St. Peter's Basilica is in fact the spiritual center of the Catholic Church as well as the pope's residence. Standing in the independent state of Vatican City and beside St. Peter's Square, the huge basilica was constructed on what is thought to be St. Peter's grave.

St. Peter's Basilica is a treasure chest housing masterpieces like "La Pieta" by Michelangelo and Bernini's baldachin. While here, also visit the crypts, home to 148 papal tombs. 

Tip: plan your visit to this site in advance so you won't be standing forever in line.

4.  Vatican Museums & Sistine Chapel 

Throughout the many centuries, the popes kept amassing a vast art collection ranging from Roman items as well as religious relics to endless paintings. Vatican Museums host 54 lavishly adorned rooms where visitors can view these enchanting art pieces the Catholic Church has been keeping safe.

Be sure to finalize your trip here by stopping by the renowned Sistine Chapel, the crowning highlight. The chapel, beautified with Michelangelo's frescoes, is famously known as the place of conclave, the time a new pope is nominated. Due to its wild popularity, this attraction has the longest lines. Thus, you are advised to reserve skip-the-line-tickets to avoid waiting for hours under the hot sun.

5.  Forum Romanum & Palatine

At the center of the ancient Roman Empire, the Forum Romanum was the site to be at! When you drop by the Forum Romanum, you'll go past first Roman excavations and then the archaeological park, home to arches, market halls, old temples, and additional significant structures erected there by various emperors.

Besides the forum stands Palatine Hill, and here you'll see excavations of royal residences.

6.  Piazza Navona  

Piazza Navona is one of Rome's most incredible squares. The original purpose to serve as a Roman athletics stadium is credited for the square's elongated shape. Highlights not to miss include some fountains like the "La Fontana dei Fiumi" by Bemini and a fascinating obelisk. 

Be sure to see the excavations of the old stadium of Domitianus. Also, Piazza Navona is a vibrant square with several street performers, terraces, and cafes.

7.  Galleria & Villa Borghese

The "Villa Borghese" name refers to Rome's biggest and most beautiful park. At some time, the rich cardinal Scipione Borghese owned this property and constructed the villa bearing the same name. Since 1903, the estate has been in the possession of the municipality of Rome serving as a public park.

Today, tourists can visit the Galleria Borghese in the park, a museum that showcases Borghese's sizable private art collection. The gallery houses sculptures as well as paintings by famed artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Rubens, Caravaggio, and Bernini.

8.  Castel Sant' Angelo  

Originally, the second-century Castel Sant' Angelo was Emperor Hadrian's mausoleum. But after, allegedly, the archangel Michael appeared precisely here in the year 590 and stopped a plague, Pope Pius ll commissioned a huge bronze statue of the angels to stand on top of the castle. This castle not only became part of Rome's defense but also gave popes shelter, for a tunnel connected to the Vatican.

9.  Colosseum

As Rome's number #1 attraction, the huge amphitheater hosted 65,000 spectators during Roman times. In those ancient times gladiators battled one another, sometimes with wild animals roaming freely in the Colosseum's arena.

In the enormous ruins of the Colosseum, visitors can see the actual stands, the arena, and even the underground spaces of the biggest Roman amphitheater, which is regarded today as one of the world's seven modern wonders.

It's highly recommended to book tickets in advance.

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9 Most Famous Must-See Tourist Attractions in Istanbul

 Istanbul

Istanbul Travel Guide to Top Tourist Attractions

As an exciting, historical capital of two former great empires connecting Asia and Europe, Istanbul is a tourist destination packed with artworks, architectural treasures, culture, and fabulous cuisine. The city offers sensational attractions such as a Byzantine castle, Ottoman palaces, lively nightlife, and amazing diversity in food to satisfy the pickiest tourists. With 2,500 years' worth of history, Istanbul has something for everyone.

Since most visitors are on a very limited time frame, to ensure you do not miss anything exceptionally important, use my Istanbul travel guide to find the 9 most famous must-see top tourist attractions in Istanbul. I have left the very best for last.

1.  Hagia Sophia Mosque

The spectacular mosque represents Emperor Justinian's crowning achievement in worldly wealth and his natural ability to manage his empire back in 325. Tradition even goes so far to claim that the area which surrounds the emperor's throne inside the building was the world's official center.

Via its transformation into a mosque following the Ottoman takeover of Constantinople by Fatih Sultan Mehmet, then to its additional change into a museum later in the 20th century, and then its reconversion into a functioning mosque in the year 2020, the precious Hagia Sophia has become one of the most beloved landmarks in Istanbul. 

Today, you can admire the stunning dome, enter and see the mosaics, calligraphic panes, tiles, altar, minbar, omphalion, the sultan's Loge, and much more.

2.  Basilica Cistern

The Basilica Cistern happens to be a most wonderfully surprising tourist attraction in Istanbul.

This large, palace-looking underground hall, maintained by 336 columns arranged in 12 rows, used to serve the important role of water storage that supplied the Byzantine emperors.

Although the project was started by Constantine the Great, Emperor Justinian completed it in the 6th century.

Several of the columns actually used during construction were in fact recycled from older structures and ornamental carvings. The most renowned are the column bases called Medusa stones located in the northwest corner.

3.  Hippodrome

Septimius Severus initiated the ancient monument's construction in CE 203 and Constantine the Great completed it in CE 300.

Byzantine public life as well as the scene of superb chariot races and games were centered here.

Today, enjoy the gallery walls situated on the southern side. The At Meydani park hosts a fair selection of monuments.

Not far away, on the northwest side, you'll find a fountain that the German Emperor William ll gave to the Ottoman sultan in 1898.

Next, going southwest you'll see three ancient monuments comprising a 20-meter-tall Egyptian obelisk; a stone obelisk which was previously covered in gold-bronze plating; and the Serpent Column that Constantine brought here from Delphi.

4.  Istanbul Archaeology Museum

This notable museum complex combines a wide range of artifacts originating from Turkey and Middle East.

The museum is divided into three separate sections, and each is worth a visit.  For example, the Ancient Orient showcases a selection of the Middle East's oldest art and heritage. The main section of archaeology is home to tombs, statuary, and the renowned sarcophaguses from Sidon. While here, you could imagine Istanbul's epic history by visiting the Ages exhibit room. Then, go to the third structure, Tiled Pavilion which hosts a broad variety of ceramic art.

5.  Dolmabahce Palace

The lavish and decorative palace demonstrates the obvious impact of European architecture and ornamentation on the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century.

Commissioned in 1854 by Sultan Abdulmecid l, it took Topkapi Palace's place as the official home of the sultans, especially in the founding times of the Turkish Republic.

The formal lovely gardens are adorned with decorative basins, fountains, and blossoming flower beds.

Enter and admire the mix of Ottoman, Rococo, Neoclassical, and Baroque elements with enormous crystal chandeliers, French-style furnishings, frescoed ceilings, and generous use of gold to create a stunning Turkish Renaissance style of pure pomp and splendor.

6.  Suleymaniye Mosque  

Standing tall on the hill over Sultanahmet District, the mosque is one of Istanbul's most recognized attractions.

It was constructed for Sultan Suleyman l by Sinan, renowned Ottoman architect, responsible for several of the Ottoman-period monuments found today in Turkey such as the Selimiye Mosque.

Walk inside and you'll see a 53-meter-tall dome dominating the interior, famous for its unity of design and harmonious proportions. 

Stroll outside to the peaceful garden area, home to a fine Ottoman-period cemetery and tombs of the Sultan Suleyman and Haseki Hurrem Sultan.

7.  Museum of Turkish & Islamic Arts

The Palace of Ibrahim Pasa houses this museum where an enormous and world's finest carpet collection is showcased.  This is a great place to visit to survey an extraordinary range of Turkish-styled carpets coming down from many centuries.

Also, there are beautiful wood carving, calligraphy, and ceramic exhibits dating from the 900s CE all the way to the 19th century.

8.  Yedikule Fortress

Emperor Theodosius ll erected the commanding fortress in the 5th century, which comprises the southern area of Constantinople's protective walls.

The colossal arch was referred to as Porta Aurea with its gold-plated doors. 

After the Ottomans took over Istanbul, they utilized the fortress at first for defense before turning it into a prison, and then used it as an execution site.

The fortress has been renovated lately, and today you could climb up to the higher part of the battlements to enjoy amazing views over the Sea of Marmara.

9.  Topkapi Palace

Mehmet the Conqueror initially constructed this incredible palace in the 15th century, and here was where the sultans of the former Ottoman Empire resided and ruled from.

The enormous complex is a breathtaking exhibition of Islamic art, along with impressive courtyards lining with elaborate hand-painted tilework, connecting a network of lavishly adorned rooms, all bounded via towers and battlemented walls.

Out of all the several highlights, you do not want to miss the Harem complex, for here was where most of the sultan's numerous concubines and kids spent their time. 

Then, walk through the Second Court to admire the huge palace kitchens until you reach the astonishingly beautiful innermost of the Imperial Council Chamber. 

Next, visit the Third Court and behold the sultan's private rooms. The Sacred Safekeeping Room showcases a stunning selection of relics belonging to Prophet Muhammad and houses the Imperial Treasury which will dazzle you with its store of glittering golden items and priceless gems.

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9 Most Famous Must-See Tourist Attractions in Lisbon

Lisbon Travel Guide to Top Tourist Attractions

 

Lisbon is any tourist's playground with its great sunny weather and nightlife that outshines Madrid's by far! 

Lisbon offers many world-renowned tourist attractions from Belem Tower, Jeronimos Monastery, incredible beaches to towering majestic castles. Stroll through its fascinating winding streets and stop anywhere to enjoy delicious experimental cuisine. Sample its famous seafood and Pasteis de Belem, a sort of custard tart. Lisbon can't possibly disappoint.

However, to avoid missing the best-rated places in your limited time frame there, use my Lisbon travel guide to find the 9 most famous must-see top tourist attractions in Lisbon. I have left the very best for last.

1.  Mosteiro dos Jeronimos

The Jeronimos monastery is one of Portugal's great landmarks, and such a remarkable monument amounting to tremendous cultural and historic importance that it has earned UNESCO World Heritage Site status.

Standing close to the riverfront in one of Lisbon's most beautiful neighborhoods, the monastery was erected in 1501 to commemorate Vasco da Gama's great 1498 sea journey to India. Besides being a place of worship, the monastery also symbolizes the riches that poured in from the Age of Discovery, for its construction was mostly financed by trading of spices that da Gama brought back.

Notable features include the charming Manueline cloister and beautifully elaborate south portal. The tomb of Vasco da Gama lies inside the entry to Santa Maria church.

2.  Oceanario de Lisboa  

As one of Europe's best aquariums and one of the world's biggest, the Lisbon Oceanarium is also the most family-friendly of all the attractions in the city.

Peter Chermayeff designed it and was constructed specifically for the 98 World Exposition in Parque das Nações. The oceanarium houses an astonishing number of fish as well as marine animals, plus many various types of species of birds.

Here, you'll discover four different sea and landscapes, representing the habitats of the Antarctic, Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans. They surround a vast major tank brimming with fish of all sizes and shapes such as sleek sharks, bulbous sunfish, and graceful rays.

The rounded plexiglass permits a wonderful close-up observation of this sensational undersea world. However, do not overlook the less conspicuous but no less remarkable species residing in smaller aquaria like the comic clownfish and sea dragon.

You'll love exploring the various ecosystems. The Antarctic habitat displays fun penguins and spirited sea otters in the Pacific tank.

3.  Museu Calouste Gulbenkian

It's one of Europe's most celebrated museums and Lisbon's cultural crowning jewel. Located in a lush and verdant park, the museum took its name after Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian, who, an Armenian oil magnate, donated his huge private art collection to Portugal before dying in 1955. After following the instructions of his endowment and creating a foundation, the arts complex became the centerpiece. 

The late oil magnate's incredible hoard showcases priceless artworks from all over the world and spanning 4000 years, as far back as from Egyptian era to the 20th century. Here, you can spend at least half a day exploring the treasure chest from several different eras in history. You'll be blown away with your intoxicating exploration while discovering one of the continent's best collections of art.

For example, you'll find 11 Roman medallions, found in Abu Qir, Egypt, made to honor the Olympic games hosted in Macedonia in the year AD 242.

4.  The National Museum of Ancient Art

As one of the best cultural attractions in Lisbon, the national museum is home to the biggest selection of Portuguese 15th and 16th century paintings in the nation. Moreover, there's also a fantastic exhibition of African, Oriental, and European art.

The museum itself is housed inside a 17th-century palace, which was constructed above the ruined St. Albert Carmelite monastery, destroyed by the 1755 earthquake. But the chapel survived miraculously and became part of the building.

Arranged in three levels, the expansive collection needs a solid two hours to browse through. Start exploring level 1 at St. Albert Chapel. Here you'll find Portuguese tapestries, textiles, and furniture.

5.  Museu do Oriente

Located close to Alcantara, the museum is home to a remarkable collection of oriental art that talks about Portugal's presence in Asian countries as well as the Far East.

The permanent display is arranged in two levels and then further divided into groups around many core sections of oriental art. Shown under subdued light but with a spotlight shining on individual pieces, the collection introduces you to a stunning journey of discovering trade and cultural connections created between Portugal and Japan, Macau, Timor, India, and Myanmar.

On the first floor, a huge 17th-century teak door decorated with bronze and iron greets you and paves the path into a hall which dazzles with astonishing artifacts like the Namban screen portraying Portuguese sailors leaving the Kurofune and meeting Japanese locals.

6.  Torre de Belem

Perhaps Lisbon's most emblematic monument, the famous Belem Tower rises close to the mouth of the River Tagus, symbolizing Portugal's outstanding Age of Discovery in the 16th century.

Completed by 1521 as a fort and established originally in the center of the river, the building represents the pinnacle of ornamental Manueline architecture. Its elaborate facade is decorated with imaginative maritime motifs and armillary spheres etched out of stone.

The monument has earned UNESCO World Heritage Site status because of its timeless value. Set over different levels, the most fascinating interior aspect is the 2nd-floor King's Chamber, which paves the way to a Renaissance loggia. The regal coat of arms belonging to Manuel l hangs over the graceful arcades.

Climb the steep spiraling staircase all the way to the top and you'll be generously rewarded as you enjoy a breathtaking vista of the river and waterfront esplanade.

7.  Elevador de Santa Justa

The rather quirky-looking Santa Justa lift is a Neo Gothic elevator, very eccentric but makes an interesting means of transportation in the city as it towers unevenly above the rooftops of Baixa district.

It was built in 1901 to link the Baixa with the Largo do Carmo in the Bairro Alto community, a fashionable area dotted with expensive stores, little restaurants, and Fado homes. 

Today, tourists take the 32-meter lift to the top, riding in wood-constructed cabins which still have original brass instruments. After the cabins make their route to a platform, passengers could either leave and cross a bridge into the trendy area of Bairro Alto or choose to climb the spiraling staircase leading all the way to the upper terrace.

The vistas from up here are extraordinary and observe the lively urban sights of busy streets, beautiful squares, and the inescapable castle.

8.  Se Cathedral

Standing in the Castelo district, the Se, a fortified Romanesque cathedral, has seen many architectural makeovers since it was built back in 1150. A number of earthquakes, especially the 1755 thoroughly destroyed everything which once existed since the 12th century. 

So, what you'll see now is a combination of architectural styles, of which the twin castellated bell towers steal the spotlight and are especially evocative during the afternoon as the declining sunlight strikes the brickwork resulting in a golden veneer. 

When inside, head directly to the treasury to see the cathedral's priceless artifacts on display such as silverware, statuary, elaborately embroidered vestments, and some rare illustrated manuscripts.

Also, visit the Gothic cloister to explore the on-site excavations that have exposed the authentic foundations of Moorish and Roman dwellings.

9.  Castelo de São Jorge   

As Lisbon's most recognized major attraction that can't be overlooked, St. George Castle dominates a glamorous location close to Alfama on a hill overlooking the capital.

It shouldn't be no surprise that the castle is Lisbon's highest ranking destination in terms of tourist popularity, with its stunning battlements, intriguing museum, and enchanting archaeological site which will reward the entire family.

There has existed a fortress on this site from the Iron Age onward, but as a castle the Moors put up a brave defense against the Christian invaders before Afonso Henriques eventually overthrew them in 1147. The triumphant king commissioned the Alacova Palace, becoming official residence of later monarchs till a new regal residence was built near the river.

Be sure to stop by the observation terrace to delight in the amazing vistas of the River Tagus, the city, and the remote Atlantic Ocean.

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9 Most Famous Must-See Tourist Attractions in Dublin

 Dublin Travel Guide to Top Tourist Attractions

The whole city of Dublin is stunningly picturesque. Its medieval character, ancient buildings, historical sites, street art, history-filled streets, all will mesmerize you.  Consider top-ranking attractions like Dublin Castle, Christ Church Cathedral, The Book of Kells, and more. 

Then, at some point, sample some of Ireland's typical foods such as the Irish Stew, soda bread, white and black pudding, Boxty Pancakes that are best enjoyed in Dublin's pubs. 

To ensure you do not overlook anything monumental, use my Dublin travel guide to find the 9 most famous must-see top tourist attractions in Dublin. I have left the very best for last.

1.  The Dail Government Building

After taking a stroll to the top of Kildare Street, you'll find the Irish Parliament on your left side.

Once known as Kildare House, named after James Fitzgerald, who was the Earl of Kildare and paid for its construction back in 1745 so the Georgian mansion would reflect his high status in society. But after getting a new title of Duke of Leinster back in 1766, the building saw its name revised to Leinster House.

Its design, which is believed to have been a source of inspiration for the White House, was conceived by an Irish architect. In 1815, the Royal Dublin Society purchased the mansion and added a lecture theater, today the Dail chamber. But in 1922 the Irish government acquired only part of the building, and the rest two years later.

If you love literature, be sure to drop by the nearby National Library, which hosts a W.B. Yeats exhibition.

2.  National Museum of Ireland

Situated on Kildare Street close to the National Library, the museum is home to extraordinary permanent exhibits.  Highlights to look for are the stunning Viking Collection, Ireland's Gold, and prehistoric Ireland.

Also, check out the Treasury collection that displays the incredible Ardagh Chalice. Broadly considered as one of the best activities to engage in while visiting Dublin for free, this famous museum also provides organized tours and a fine program of educational events and workshops.  

3.  Trinity College

Located in the center of Dublin, the college is crammed with astonishing history, and it's Ireland's oldest university that Queen Elizabeth l founded in 1592.  

Encompassing 40 acres, the university houses ancient, secluded sections ranging from gardens, cobbled squares to parks, plus is famous all over the world for its envious collection of amazing treasures. For example, the 9th-century lit manuscript, the Book of Kells, the Books of Armagh and Durrow, and an Irish harp. 

The Treasury hosts these priceless artifacts, and the extraordinary 18th-century Long Room displays over 200,000 of the university's oldest book collection and even hosts constant literary exhibitions.

The aging walls of Trinity have been rescuing many students from the city's hustle and bustle, including over the centuries notable personalities like Johnathan Swift, Bram Stoker, and playwright Samuel.

4.  The National Gallery of Ireland

If you make a right turn as Kildare Street ends, you'll see the National Gallery of Ireland.  It would be a crying shame not to visit this major gallery which houses the world's best collection of Irish art as well as an incredible collection of European art dating from the Middle Ages onward.

The gallery, opening back in 1864, added one wing in 1903, a second in 1968, and a third in 2002. Notable collections range from the Yeats Museum, seven rooms featuring Italian painters and Irish art, the Shaw Room to Baroque Room.

The gallery, covering four levels, hosts regular stunning exhibitions. Moreover, there's a superb and popular cafe.

5.  EPIC The Irish Emigration Museum 

As a legendary exporter of people, Dublin's outstanding EPIC museum is suitably located in the city's docklands section, the scene seeing countless heartfelt good-byes.

Founded only in 2016, this intriguing museum provides insightful and sometimes touching reports of Irish emigration throughout the centuries. All said, there are over 20 individual themed galleries to see, dealing not only with the historical aspect of Irish migration but also the impact its good people have had wherever they settled.

If you have time, visit the Irish Family History Centre to trace your family lineage.

Close by, you may want to stop by the Jeanie Johnston: an Irish Famine Story.  In the heart of this superb museum, you'll see a fine replica of the Jeanie Johnston, a ship from Canada which was constructed in 1847 and that carried many Irish passengers across the Atlantic.

6.  The James Joyce Centre

About a brief 8-minute stroll from the GPO, a beautiful Georgian home houses the James Joyce Centre, which was established by David Norris, Irish Senator and famous Joycean scholar.

The museum is dedicated obviously to everything remotely related to James Joyce, famous Irish author, and despite he never resided in the estate, he still had an association to it via a real-life character fleshed out in Ulysses, Prof. Denis J. Maginni, who managed a dance academy precisely here. Although the structure was condemned during the 1980s, it was eventually saved and renovated through an effective campaign which David Norris led.  

If inspired at all, visit the Dublin Writers Museum, situated not far off. This museum gives you sweeping insights into the lives of some famous Irish authors. Besides many artifacts, the museum is home to a collection of portraits and paintings.

7.  Dublin Zoo

Only 18 minutes in walking from Collins Barracks, you'll stumble onto Phoenix Park that's home to Dublin Zoo. This is Europe's biggest enclosed urban park, boasting 1,750 whopping acres. Here, you are likely to catch one out of hundreds of deer wandering freely, plus the Irish President's official residence and Deerfield, a gorgeous 18th-century estate that houses the American Ambassador to Ireland.

A visitor center stands near the 17th-century tower home, or Ashtown Castle. At the farther side of Castleknock Gate sits stately 18th-century Farmleigh House.

For a long time both the Irish and visitors from all over the world have been coming to the Dublin Zoo, drawing over a million visitors yearly. Dating to 1830, it's Europe's second oldest zoo. It'll take an entire day to do real justice to this fabulous zoo.

In addition to other exotic and rare animals, expect to see Asian elephants, Asian lions, sea lions, hippos, tigers, bats, penguins, an orangutan enclosure, and a Reptile House. Facilities include children's play areas, a family farm, and restaurants.

8.  Christ Church Cathedral

Renovated and today standing tall in the surrounding area, the cathedral was erected on the site belonging originally to Dublin's first church, which was established back in 1028 and constructed from timber.

The Great Nave features exquisite early Gothic arches, plus, while here, do not miss seeing the 14th-century reproduction of the tomb of heroic Norman conqueror Strongbow, but buried somewhere else in the cathedral. The remnant that sits alongside is believed to be an actual part of the genuine tomb bearing the name "Strongbow's son." Sections of the huge crypt, running through the entire extent of the structure, date from as far back as the 13th century.

Another notable highlight is Dublinia, a superb historical reproduction of scenes and life from the period of the Vikings to the medieval era, situated in the building's Synod Hall. Also, look at the costumed characters showing period activities, traditions, different structures, and genuine street scenes.

9.  Kilmainham Gaol

The horror-inspiring jail, which dates from 1789, really is an infamous place in Irish history. It was exactly in this site where the leaders of the uprising were imprisoned back in 1916 before meeting their ultimate fatal fate for being found guilty of high treason.

A modern hall offers an exhibition that describes the conditions and the struggles that the Irish underwent. Exceptional guided tours take you all around the old jailhouse, covering Irish history beginning from 1796 to 1924. Know that women were treated like their male counterparts inferior, having to sleep on the hard floor, for example.

The stonebreaker's Yard will probably shoot chills down your spine, for this is the place where the uprising leaders were executed. 

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9 Most Famous Must-See Tourist Attractions in Edinburgh

Edinburgh

Edinburgh Travel Guide to Top Tourist Attractions

Edinburgh, the medieval Old Town, will enchant you with its quaint bars and pubs, winding narrow lanes, and centuries old structures still towering like giants. Then you'll see quite another side: the New Town, filled with a humming atmosphere, many shopping centers, great restaurants, gorgeous Georgian townhomes, and fine museums. 

Explore Edinburgh Castle that's built on a volcano, the Royal Mile, many wonderful parks, and see where JK Rowling was inspired to start drafting the Harry Potter series. 

To ensure that you won't miss anything important, use my Edinburgh travel guide to find the 9 most famous must-see top tourist attractions in Edinburgh. I have left the very best for last.

1.  The Palace of Holyroodhouse

As the Queen's official residence in Edinburgh, the palace has often been at the heart of Scottish history. Constructed in 1678, the palace saw both James ll and James lV married, James V and Charles crowned, and "Bonnie Prince Charlie held court.

Since the queen is generally absent most of the year except during "Royal Week" every summer, public access is allowed and visitors can see the striking Historic Apartments as well as the State Apartments, renowned for their superb plasterwork, tapestries, and furnishings.

The Queen's Gallery which showcases portraits of both legendary and real Scottish kings, opened back in 2002 to mark the start of the Golden Jubilee celebrations, hosting changing displays that originate from the Royal Collection.

Another worthy highlight is the nearby Holyrood Abbey which King David l found in the 12th century.

2.  The Royal Mile

What exactly is The Royal Mile?  It refers to all the streets connecting the Palace of Holyroodhouse and Edinburgh Castle. Take a slow walk along this excellent thoroughfare and take in the lovely churches, historic landmarks, kiltmaking shops, museums, inns, restaurants, and cafes.

Several of the structures are high, varying from 6 up to 15 floors. Narrow small alleys, or commonly called "winds," weave in and circle around them.

Attractions, anyone? You'll find most popular attractions waiting for you at the Royal Mile's upper end, ranging from Outlook Tower, the Camera Obscura to the notable Tolbooth boasting the highest church tower and housing the fascinating People's Story Museum as well as Gladstone's Land, which is a six-floored merchant's home with charming ceiling paintings and more.

3.  National Museum of Scotland

After opening its doors in 2011, this museum has turned into one of the most popular attractions in Scotland, and you can't possibly go wrong exploring here for free!

Receiving more than two million visitors every year, it's home to collections from Edinburgh's older museums and today hosts medieval artifacts, national archaeological collections, and exhibits highlighting from art, natural history, science, geology to technology.

The total of 16 galleries contains over 8,000 artifacts, including Dolly the Sheep and Elton John's more fancy stage costumes. But the museum also showcases remnants from Ancient Egypt as well as the notorious Maiden, an earlier type of guillotine.

With so much to see, expect to invest around 3 or 4 hours here. There are guided tours and two restaurants.

4.  Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh

Established back in 1670, the botanic garden is not only Britain's second oldest but also the biggest with an incredible 13,200 various plant species.

The superb 70 acres is home to an herbarium hosting more than three million specimens, a vast palm house, and even a tropical home with exotic orchids. Other highlights include a terraced moorland garden, an alpine home, a heather garden, and an expansive arboretum boasting rare enormous trees from all over the world.

Other highlights you may want to see are an aquatic home with tropical water plants and the woodland garden displaying bright camellias, rhododendrons, and azaleas.

5.  The Camera Obscura & World of Illusions

The Camera Obscura and World of Illusions is an attraction that won't disappoint.

The centerpiece, established in a quaint rooftop room, is an interesting pinhole camera which projects real-time moving visuals of Edinburgh on a viewing table. The lenses and mirror which create the panorama, have been delighting visitors since 1853.

The remainder of the experience will test the faith in one's own vision through a combination of a vertigo-inspiring turning vortex, 3-D holograms, a hall of mirrors, and an entire variety of optical experiences.

6.  Scottish National Gallery

If you want to see in one single place Scottish historical leaders from the 16th century onwards, visit the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, a major art gallery in Edinburgh.

Out of the colossal gallery's 65,000+ pieces you'll find such highlights as Bonnie Prince Charlie, Mary Stuart, Robbie Burns, Robert Louis Stevenson, Sean Connery, and Sir Walter Scott. The gallery also houses the Scottish National Photography Collection. 

Set up in 1859, the national gallery has become the nation's second most notable art collection that showcases Scotland's largest selection of European sculptures and paintings. Its collection includes artworks ranging from the Renaissance era to the Post-Impressionists. 

7.  St. Giles Cathedral 

Erected in 1243, the cathedral which is the main church in Edinburgh, draws around a million visitors every year.

The present building was constructed during the 1300s, boasting its stunning soaring central tower of 161 feet together with eight arched buttresses, forming a large crown that has gained recently so much popularity as a great background for selfies and photos. 

Inside, check out the WWl memorials, charming stained-glass windows, and a fine statue of John Knox, who led the Protestant Reformation.

Do not dare overlook the Thistle Chapel. It's famous for its seals of the Knights of the Thistle, heraldic emblems, and oak carvings. The chapel, designed by Sir Robert Lorimer in 1911, is an excellent sample of the modern Gothic style. While here, you can join a rooftop tour and enjoy a choir concert in the afternoon.

8.  Museum of Edinburgh

If you want to learn a little more about the city's rich and intriguing history, stop by the Museum of Edinburgh. Its building itself justifies a tour since it was built in the 1500s.

Its fascinating displays reveal Edinburgh's origins via artifacts and genuine documents, along with stories of its legendary champions and daily life. Take a look at its significant collection showcasing decorative art pieces such as 18th-century porcelain, finely crafted silverware and glassware.

If you are an Outlander fan, you definitely must visit. The museum and nearby Bakehouse Close were filmed in the show's 3rd series, plus make an incredible selfie opportunity you can share with family and friends right away! 

9.  Edinburgh Castle

As Scotland's most famous attraction drawing millions of visitors each year, you'll soon discover why all the rage. Highlights include listening to the renowned One O'clock Salute coming from Half Moon Battery, the stunning Scottish National War Memorial, National War Museum, and the sensational collection of Crown Jewels that the Royal Palace contains.

Do not dare overlook the Stone of Destiny, notoriously robbed by Edward l and put beneath the English throne, which was given back to Scotland after 700 years in 1996.  

Today, you have the option to skip the long line so you then could use your time touring the castle.

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